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The combination of architecture and environment is first of all to adapt measures to local conditions, and strive to combine with the topography, topography and landform of the base site, so as to make the overall layout according to the situation, and make full use of the natural terrain and landform. Secondly, the building volume is rather small than large. Because of the natural landscape, the landscape is the mainstay, and the architecture is from. Compared with nature, the relative volume and absolute scale of buildings and the composition of the scenery are very small.

Another requirement is that the garden architecture strives to be lively and varied in terms of layout and space treatment. In the design, the spatial sequence of the garden architecture and the organization of the viewing route are particularly prominent. The intersection of the interior and exterior spaces of the building is often the most attractive place, and it is often the place where people's feelings are transferred. The mutual transfer of virtual and real, light and dark, artificial and natural is often unfolded in this part. It is very important to overspace sequentially. Chinese garden architecture often uses floor-to-ceiling long windows, empty corridors, and open xuan as the link of this integration. This half-indoor and semi-outdoor space transition is gradual, a natural and harmonious change, soft and blending.

In order to solve the problem of combining with the natural environment, Chinese garden architecture should also consider the factors of natural climate and season. Therefore, the northern and southern gardens of China have their own characteristics. For example, there is a kind of mandarin duck hall in the Jiangnan garden is the best example of combining the natural climate and seasons, and its architecture is divided into two, one facing north and the other facing south, respectively adapted to winter and summer activities.

In addition, the design of Chinese garden architecture should also consider building materials, many traditional garden buildings are made of bamboo and wood structure, bamboo and Chinese traditional culture is closely related, in many garden buildings in pavilions, corridors, bridges can see the use of bamboo and wood combination of cases, and bamboo pavilions, bamboo bridges, bamboo corridors, bamboo corridors made of bamboo alone are also very common.

In short, the design of garden architecture should consider the building as a landscape element, so that it can be integrated with the surrounding landscape, rocks, trees, etc., and jointly constitute a beautiful scenery. And the scenery is the main body, and the architecture is part of it.

Location

The location of garden buildings must be determined according to people's observation and research on natural scenes, including architecture, to meet the requirements of nature and life, and to be "decent and appropriate". For example, build a wonderful house in the shade of pine cedar on the cliff cliff, build a mountain pavilion in the secluded place of the forest, dispose of the pass between the twin peaks, and open up a pastoral garden in the vast area. Even buildings of the same type should be designed differently according to the environment. For example, the five pavilions on Jingshan Mountain in Beijing have triple eaves and four-corner spires on the top of the middle mountain, octagonal spires with heavy eaves on both sides, and circular spires on the lower two pavilions. Another example is the fang, the stone fang in the imperial palace and the summer palace is very different from the fang in the Suzhou mansion garden in scale, materials and decoration.

The location of garden buildings should take into account both scenic and scenic aspects. For example, the Buddha Xiang Pavilion in the Summer Palace is not only the main view of the whole garden, but also overlooks the entire lake area, which is an example of both scenery and scenery. Usually, buildings based on scenery are mostly built on the best viewing line with open scenery and scenery, and buildings based on scenery are mostly built in typical landscape areas and have suitable viewing distances and angles.

Borrow the view

Borrowing is also an important principle of Chinese garden architecture design. "Cause" is "cause", that is, the topography and geomorphology of the building and the natural environment are well combined; "Borrowing" means borrowing the beautiful scenery inside or outside the garden into your own viewing range, and fully appreciating each scene from various viewpoints. Therefore, the design of garden architecture should break through the general architectural pattern, not rigid symmetry, nor rigid orientation. Sometimes for a tree, half a house can be removed; For a stone, the gallery can be bent; In order to borrow the view outside the wall, a hole and window can be opened in the wall. "Customs are screened, and jia is collected", giving full play to the interest of the landscape from all angles.

In classical Chinese gardens, villas, mountain villas, or large palaces located in natural scenic areas are rich in changes due to the vast environment itself, and buildings often adopt simple and clear compositions in addition to adapting to the natural terrain. In small-scale urban houses, it is necessary to rely on the interspersed changes of architectural space and natural space to make people feel different and feel different in the painting of mountain stones and trees. Therefore, the spatial treatment of the garden building itself is complex or simple, and must be considered according to the characteristics of the environment.

Chengjing

Chinese gardens are dominated by natural landscapes, but garden architecture is often the center of landscaping, or plays the role of the finishing touch to natural landscapes. Forty scenes of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing and 72 scenes of Chengde Summer Villa, most of which are titled on the landscape obtained in the building or in the building. China's natural landscape gardens have played an architectural role, making the division of garden scenic areas and the arrangement of space appear clearly hierarchical, with clear sequences, giving people a deeper impression. The promenade of the Summer Palace in Beijing is a landscape in itself and also serves as a guide route. The "garden within the garden" complex in large gardens, such as the Fun Garden in the Summer Palace, can become a scenic spot in its own right, making the space division more interesting. In Chinese gardens, every wall, bridge and corridor all seek to give full play to their role as scenery and point scenes. Moreover, most of the Chinese garden buildings have plaques and links, and there are poetry and paintings that echo the artistic conception of the scenic spots. These poetry and calligraphy arts can play a role in appreciating and experiencing garden art and the ingenuity of landscape architects to create the environment.

style

Chinese gardens are known as southern styles and northern styles. The southern garden is represented by the Jiangnan Mansion Garden, and the northern garden is represented by the Imperial Palace Garden. In addition to the difference in scale and natural conditions, the main difference between the two is also reflected in the architectural form. The garden buildings in the north are thick and calm, the plan layout is relatively strict, and the color is mostly painted, and the structure is almost "official"; Southern garden buildings are generally green tile walls, brown doors and windows, no painting, small materials, flexible layout, exquisite and elegant, often decorated with exquisite brick and wood carvings.

In the process of the development of Chinese gardens, there has been exchanges and penetration of northern and southern garden styles. The Kangxi and Qianlong emperors of the Qing Dynasty toured the south several times, which brought this exchange to a climax, and many attractions and "gardens within a garden" imitating Jiangnan gardens appeared in the northern gardens such as the Old Summer Palace, Summer Villa, and Qingyi Garden built at that time. Although the building is still a northern shape, it absorbs many characteristics of southern gardens in terms of floor plan layout and the relationship between the building and the natural landscape. Many places in Jiangnan also built many palaces and annexes to receive the emperor's residence. For example, many garden buildings built by wealthy merchants in Yangzhou in Slender West Lake in order to compete for favor with the emperor are mostly in the northern style. So far, Yangzhou garden architecture still has the characteristics of integrating northern and southern styles.